{"id":3039,"date":"2021-03-30T21:55:36","date_gmt":"2021-03-30T20:55:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/?p=3039"},"modified":"2021-03-30T21:56:08","modified_gmt":"2021-03-30T20:56:08","slug":"pohanske-velikonoce","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/pohanske-velikonoce\/","title":{"rendered":"Pohansk\u00e9 Velikonoce"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pohansk\u00e9 Velikonoce m\u011bly mnoho spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s\u00a0m\u00e1jov\u00fdmi slavnostmi a v\u00edt\u00e1n\u00edm jara, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hranic a vater. Pak tak\u00e9 mezi lidem se po dlouh\u00e1 stalet\u00ed udr\u017eovala obliba tzv. velikono\u010dn\u00edch her, kter\u00e9 c\u00edrkev musela tolerovat; m\u00e1me na mysli zejm\u00e9na zvyk velikono\u010dn\u00edch vaj\u00ed\u010dek a velikono\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu, kter\u00fd kazatel\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bli pro pobaven\u00ed lidu z\u00a0kazatelny a prokl\u00e1dali jej k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdmi reminiscencemi. Sta\u0159\u00ed n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed b\u00e1sn\u00edci \u0159\u00edkali: <em>mines herzen \u00f4sterspil, \u00f4stertac<\/em>, \u201esrdce m\u00e9 jest u velikono\u010dn\u00ed h\u0159\u00ed\u010dky neb u dne toho\u201c, co\u017e je lichotiv\u00e9 r\u010den\u00ed ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed milenku a vyjad\u0159uje vrchol bla\u017eenosti. Pozd\u011bji tu byla dramatick\u00e1 p\u0159edstaven\u00ed naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 <em>\u00f4sterspile<\/em>. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nejp\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f je letn\u00ed tane\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edse\u0148 lorda Goeliho: ve spr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u010das, se lu\u017en\u00ed lesy a \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed ostr\u016fvky zazelenaj\u00ed, <em>Fridebolt<\/em> a jeho kump\u00e1ni p\u0159ijdou s\u00a0dlouh\u00fdmi me\u010di a nab\u00eddnou se, \u017ee sehraj\u00ed <em>\u00f4sterspile,<\/em> kter\u00e1 obn\u00e1\u0161ela me\u010dov\u00fd tanec s\u00a0dvan\u00e1cti tane\u010dn\u00edky, z\u00a0nich\u017e jeden byl o\u010dividn\u011b v\u016fdce a p\u0159edstavoval l\u00e9to vyh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed zimu ze zem\u011b bit\u00edm a ml\u00e1cen\u00edm. V \u0159e\u010di Bask\u016f <em>ostara<\/em> znamen\u00e1 \u201ekv\u011bten\u201c, dobu pu\u010den\u00ed a olist\u011bn\u00ed, ze slov <em>ostoa,<\/em> tj. \u201elist, listov\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3044\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3044\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Alfons-Mucha-Vesna.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3044\" src=\"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Alfons-Mucha-Vesna.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Alfons-Mucha-Vesna.jpg 1250w, http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Alfons-Mucha-Vesna-300x188.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Alfons-Mucha-Vesna-1024x641.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Alfons-Mucha-Vesna-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3044\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alfons Mucha: Vesna<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ona spojitost s \u201evelikono\u010dn\u00edm <em>seax\u201c,<\/em>[1] \u010dili me\u010dov\u00fdm no\u017eem, n\u00e1s p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed k\u00a0my\u0161lence, \u017ee \u0161lo o me\u010d, u n\u011bho\u017e se z\u00a0d\u00e1vnov\u011bku dochoval zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed tvar (srpek); jako u velikono\u010dn\u00edch kol\u00e1\u010dk\u016f zvan\u00fdch <em>\u00f4sterstuopha<\/em> ve tvaru srpku m\u011bs\u00edce, tak <em>\u00f4sterm\u00e2ne,<\/em> v obou p\u0159\u00edpadech ozna\u010dovaly cukrov\u00ed pohansk\u00fdch tvar\u016f. Me\u010dem se mohlo m\u00e1chat na po\u010dest Ostary, a stejn\u011b tak tomu bylo i u Fricka. Ostaru m\u016f\u017eeme identifikovat se slovanskou bohyn\u00ed jara Vesnou, z litev. <em>vasara<\/em> (aestas), loty\u0161. <em>vassara,<\/em> a lat. <em>ver<\/em> a \u0159ec. <em>\u1f12\u03b1\u03c1<\/em> (angl. <em>ear,<\/em> tzv. [srpkovit\u00e9] ou\u0161ko [a jaz\u00fd\u010dek] se tvo\u0159\u00ed v m\u00edst\u011b p\u0159echodu list\u016f v\u00a0\u010depele a podle tvaru a velikosti ou\u0161ek a jaz\u00fd\u010dk\u016f lze ve f\u00e1zi sloupkov\u00e1n\u00ed rozli\u0161it jednotliv\u00e9 druhy obilnin). Ozv\u011bnu lze nal\u00e9zt a\u017e ve starov\u011bk\u00fdch bo\u017esk\u00fdch jm\u00e9nech <em>Eor, \u1f0c\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 <\/em>a<em> Sahsnot<\/em>: z\u00a0tohoto jm\u00e9na bo\u017esk\u00e9ho praotce se odvozuj\u00ed n\u00e1zvy n\u00e1rodnost\u00ed Cherusk\u016f,[2] Sas\u016f, <em>Suardones,<\/em> a <em>Sweordweras,<\/em> o n\u011bm\u017e p\u00ed\u0161e Tacitus. Nen\u00ed ani bez zaj\u00edmavosti, \u017ee nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek k\u00a0bohyni <em>Marzana<\/em> (Ma\u0159ena, Morana, Morena, Smrtholka), kter\u00e1 byla v\u00a0p\u0159edtu\u0161e jara vyn\u00e1\u0161ena v lidov\u00e9m oby\u010deji jako zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00ed smrti (temnoty). Ritu\u00e1l se zpravidla konal na Smrtnou ned\u011bli (dva t\u00fddny p\u0159ed Velikonocemi), ale n\u011bkdy tak\u00e9 a\u017e na postn\u00ed ned\u011bli Dru\u017eebnou a Kv\u011btnou. Figuru Smrtky vytv\u00e1\u0159ely d\u00edvky z do\u0161ku a obl\u00e9kaly ji do \u017eensk\u00fdch \u0161at\u016f nebo ovinuly do hadr\u016f, figura byla tak\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u011b zdobena, nap\u0159\u00edklad stuhami nebo kraslicemi. Z barev se pou\u017e\u00edvala p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm b\u00edl\u00e1 a \u010dern\u00e1. Pot\u00e9 byla nastr\u010dena na ty\u010d, \u010di prost\u011b vzata do rukou, jinde byla d\u011bl\u00e1na z ty\u010de obalen\u00e9 sl\u00e1mou. Smrt se vyn\u00e1\u0161ela z vesnice za zp\u011bvu ob\u0159adn\u00edch p\u00edsn\u00ed a pot\u00e9 b\u00fdvala hozena do vody \u010di do p\u0159\u00edkopu, p\u00e1lena nebo zakop\u00e1v\u00e1na do zem\u011b. Pot\u00e9 se v\u0161ichni rozutekli a v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee ten, kdo dob\u011bhne do vesnice posledn\u00ed, do roka zem\u0159e. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed slavnosti bylo tak\u00e9 koledov\u00e1n\u00ed. H\u00e1zen\u00ed do vody nazna\u010duje, \u017ee nejsp\u00ed\u0161e nejde o zni\u010den\u00ed Smrti a Zimy, ale pouze o jej\u00ed poslan\u00ed zp\u011bt do podsv\u011bt\u00ed, do n\u00e1vy, do n\u00ed\u017e je vodn\u00ed tok branou.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3042\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3042\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Vynaseni-smrti-Morava-1887.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3042\" src=\"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Vynaseni-smrti-Morava-1887.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"587\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Vynaseni-smrti-Morava-1887.jpg 1363w, http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Vynaseni-smrti-Morava-1887-300x220.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Vynaseni-smrti-Morava-1887-1024x751.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Vynaseni-smrti-Morava-1887-768x563.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3042\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vyn\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed smrti (Morava, 1887)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Bylo dvan\u00e1cte slune\u010dn\u00edch a t\u0159in\u00e1cte lun\u00e1rn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f a jejich n\u00e1zvy v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti odkazuj\u00ed na pohansk\u00e9 bohy, jak to vid\u00edme u ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed m\u00e1je s l\u00e9tem, a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bohyn\u00ed <em>Hrede<\/em> (b\u0159ezen) a <em>Eastre<\/em> (duben). <em>Hrede<\/em> \u010di <em>Hruod, Hruod\u00e2, Hruada<\/em>, gen. <em>Hruadun<\/em>, zazn\u00edv\u00e1 i ve slovansk\u00e9m ozna\u010den\u00ed obdob\u00ed od prosince do ledna, kdysi naz\u00fdvan\u00e9ho \u201ehruden, hrudenec, hrudence\u201c, kdy\u017e se mrazem tvo\u0159\u00ed hroudy, a\u017e po starosask\u00e9 <em>Hr\u00ea\u0111<\/em> \u010di <em>Hr\u00ea\u0111e<\/em>. <em>Phol, Fol<\/em> (Balder, bo\u017estvo sv\u011btla, z jin\u00e9ho \u00fahlu pohledu i Ostara), kter\u00fd m\u011bl sv\u016fj <em>Phol<\/em>-den, vl\u00e1dl rovn\u011b\u017e \u2013 jak se zd\u00e1 \u2013 v obdob\u00ed zvan\u00e9m <em>Phol-m\u00e2n\u00f4t<\/em> (m\u00e1j a\u017e z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed). Dny t\u00fddne je v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b se\u0159azen a pojmenov\u00e1n podle \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e; n\u00e1zvy v\u00fd\u0161e \u0159e\u010den\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f nevykazuj\u00ed vliv Latin\u016f. Pozoruhodn\u00fdm rysem mezi Slovany a Germ\u00e1ny je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho n\u00e1zvu pro dva po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce, jako kdy\u017e Anglosasov\u00e9 mluv\u00ed o <em>\u00e6rra <\/em>a<em> \u00e6ftera Geola, \u00e6rra <\/em>a<em> \u00e6ftera L\u00ee\u00f0a<\/em>, a N\u011bmci o velk\u00e9m a mal\u00e9m Rohu (leden a \u00fanor), ne\u0159kuli, za <em>Ougestem<\/em> n\u00e1sleduje <em>Ougstin,<\/em> za bohem pak bohyn\u011b; lze dokonce spat\u0159ovat m\u00fdtick\u00fd z\u00e1klad v lidov\u00fdch po\u0159ekadlech, je\u017e se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed jist\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, tak nap\u0159. o \u00fanoru \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee <em>\u201eSp\u00f6rkelsin<\/em> m\u00e1 na sob\u011b sedm halenek, ka\u017ed\u00e1 o r\u016fzn\u00e9 d\u00e9lce, a t\u0159ese se nimi\u201c, tzn. s\u00a0jejich pomoc\u00ed zved\u00e1 se v\u00edtr. <em>\u201eSporkel\u201c,<\/em> jak v\u00edme, lze vystopovat a\u017e k \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 slavnosti <em>spurealia,<\/em> pohansk\u00e9mu sv\u00e1tku slaven\u00e9mu v \u00fanoru, tzv. <em>dies spurcos<\/em>, ne\u010dist\u00e9 dny, na n\u011b\u017e ve st\u0159edov\u011bku navazuje masopust a vep\u0159ov\u00e9 hody se zabija\u010dkou (srv. <em>porca, porcus<\/em>, tj. vep\u0159).<\/p>\n<p>\u017de existovaly i lun\u00e1rn\u00ed roky, nazna\u010duje v \u201ero\u010dn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu\u201c luna vstupuj\u00edc\u00ed \u201edo <em>\u00e2rtali<\/em>\u201c, \u201eocas\u201c \u010di \u201epata roku\u201c, jak se luna v\u00a0Edd\u011b pr\u00e1v\u011b naz\u00fdv\u00e1, toti\u017e \u201evyprav\u011b\u010d (p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu o) roku\u201c. Bohov\u00e9-tv\u016frci darovali dor\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed a couv\u00e1n\u00ed luny lidem proto, aby mezi nimi byli letopisci zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed sled let \u2013 m\u00edjen\u00ed mnoh\u00fdch letn\u00edch obdob\u00ed. <em>Martius<\/em> se op\u00edr\u00e1 o Mars, <em>Aprilis<\/em> mus\u00ed obsahovat n\u011bjakou jarn\u00ed bohyni odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed Osta\u0159e, <em>Majus<\/em> se poj\u00ed s Majou, matkou boh\u016f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u0394<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>[1] Seax (sax, scramasax) je st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e1 zbra\u0148, n\u016f\u017e ost\u0159en\u00fd na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b o d\u00e9lce 7 a\u017e 75 cm. P\u016fvod i n\u00e1zev no\u017ee je spojov\u00e1n se Sasy.<br \/>\n[2] Cheruskov\u00e9 byli jedn\u00edm z germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdch kmen\u016f ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fadol\u00ed \u0159eky R\u00fdn, roviny a lesy v severoz\u00e1padn\u00edm N\u011bmecku (mezi dne\u0161n\u00edmi m\u011bsty Osnabr\u00fcck a Hannover) b\u011bhem 1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. a 1. stolet\u00ed. Byli to prvn\u00ed spojenci a nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Nejv\u00edce se proslavili bitvou v Teutobursk\u00e9m lese, kdy spojen\u00e9 germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kmeny (Cheruskov\u00e9, Marsov\u00e9, Chattov\u00e9 a Brukte\u0159i) pod veden\u00edm cherusk\u00e9ho bojovn\u00edka Arminia zni\u010dily 3 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 legie, kter\u00e9 vedl Publius Quinctilius Varus. Tato zdrcuj\u00edc\u00ed por\u00e1\u017eka zastavila \u0158\u00edmany v postupu a p\u0159inutila \u0159\u00ed\u0161i st\u00e1hnout se je\u0161t\u011b na n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch let za R\u00fdn, Dunaj a za hranice (<em>limes Germanicus<\/em>), kter\u00e9 byly zbudov\u00e1ny jako d\u016fsledek ztr\u00e1t v bitv\u011b a uzav\u0159ely prostor mezi ob\u011bma \u0159ekami. Dle z\u00e1znam\u016f kmen patrn\u011b pozd\u011bji splynul s jin\u00fdm, jako byly nap\u0159\u00edklad Frankov\u00e9 \u010di Alamani.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3040\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3040\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heinrich-Schutz.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3040\" src=\"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heinrich-Schutz.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heinrich-Schutz.jpg 470w, http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heinrich-Schutz-201x300.jpg 201w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3040\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heinrich Sch\u00fctz<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Matou\u0161ovy pa\u0161ije, Matth\u00e4us-Passion <\/em>(SWV 479), cel\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem <em>Historia des Leidens und Sterbens unseres Herrn und Heiland Jesu Christi nach dem Evangelisten Matth\u00e4us<\/em> (Mt 26 a 27), je duchovn\u00ed chor\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u00edlo n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho barokn\u00edho skladatele Heinricha Sch\u00fctze, kter\u00fd jej napsal roku 1666.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/album\/02WXT6SaiJQHXxi0oM77t5\" width=\"300\" height=\"380\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>dsdsds<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pohansk\u00e9 Velikonoce m\u011bly mnoho spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s\u00a0m\u00e1jov\u00fdmi slavnostmi a v\u00edt\u00e1n\u00edm jara, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hranic a vater. Pak tak\u00e9&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[799],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3039","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-jamu-ii-2020-2021","wpcat-799-id"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3039","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3039"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3039\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3039"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3039"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3039"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}