{"id":2708,"date":"2020-11-09T13:06:12","date_gmt":"2020-11-09T12:06:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/?p=2708"},"modified":"2020-11-09T13:06:12","modified_gmt":"2020-11-09T12:06:12","slug":"vanoce-iii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/vanoce-iii\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00c1NOCE III"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Friedrich Wilhelm Heine: Holda, dobr\u00e1 ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b (1882)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

U\u017e jsme sly\u0161eli o o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9m (a o\u010distn\u00e9m) zlat\u00e9m pras\u00e1tku (sel\u00e1tku) v r\u00e1mci lidov\u00fdch zvyk\u016f v okrese Wetterau a v Dury\u0148sku. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 holandsk\u00e9 balad\u011b Lantsl\u00f4t ende Sandr\u00een<\/em> prav\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159 ke sv\u00e9 pann\u011b: \u201eJsi mi dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017eli bachyn\u011b, sd\u011blan\u00e1 ze zlata, je\u017e i ty nos\u00ed\u0161.\u201c Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee se tehdy je\u0161t\u011b udr\u017eoval zvyk nosit zlat\u00e9 \u0161perky ve tvaru kance? P\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm jde o upom\u00ednku, \u017ee tato z\u00e1le\u017eitost nebyla tehdy je\u0161t\u011b zapomenuta. Fr\u00f4 a jeho kanec mohli rovn\u011b\u017e st\u00e1t za pov\u011brou v nizozemsk\u00e9 provincii Gelderland, v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e se slavn\u00e9mu hrdinovi dost\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u00edsta, je\u017e p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161\u00ed boh\u016fm: Theoderic (Derrick) chodili o \u0161t\u011bdrove\u010dern\u00ed noci v\u016fkol, tak\u017ee lid\u00e9 m\u011bli na pam\u011bti, aby v\u0161echno hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed poklidili za vrata, neb jinak by je kanec podupal a po\u0161kodil. V\u00a0\u010das v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed pak pan\u00ed Holda aneb Berhta (Perchta) vyr\u00e1\u017eela ven a starala se o to, aby byly pluhy a v\u0159etena pe\u010dliv\u011b poklizeny, \u0161lo o mate\u0159skou bohyni nam\u00edsto boha, Frouwa (pan\u00ed) nam\u00edsto Fr\u00f4 (p\u00e1na).<\/p>\n

Naz\u00fdv\u00e1 se rovn\u011b\u017e frau Harke<\/em> a vypr\u00e1v\u00ed se, \u017ee mezi V\u00e1nocemi a\u017e do T\u0159\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f (\u201edvan\u00e1ct\u00fd den\u201c) prol\u00e9t\u00e1vala krajinou<\/em> a \u0161t\u011bd\u0159e rozd\u00e1vala statky pozemsk\u00e9; od sv\u00e1tku T\u0159\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f musely panny ukon\u010dit p\u0159eden\u00ed lnu, jinak by je frau Harke<\/em> zle do\u0161kr\u00e1bala anebo po\u0161pinila p\u0159eslice.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0onu dobu t\u00e9\u017e vl\u00e1dne nadp\u0159irozen\u00e1 moc a nem\u00e1 se mluvit o divok\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159atech, jako je t\u0159ebas vlk, nebo\u0165 p\u016fd\u011b navrac\u00ed jej\u00ed plodnost<\/em>. Holla je p\u0159adlena<\/em>, je j\u00ed p\u0159ipisov\u00e1na \u010dinnost sp\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed lnu. Piln\u00e9 panny podarovala sv\u00fdm p\u0159eslenem<\/em> a celou noc za n\u011b sp\u0159\u00e1dala len; leniv\u00fdm a zah\u00e1l\u010div\u00fdm p\u0159adlen\u00e1m h\u00e1zela p\u0159eslice do ohn\u011b<\/em> nebo je pot\u0159\u00edsnila<\/em>. D\u00edvku, kter\u00e1 upustila v\u0159eteno do j\u00ed zasv\u011bcen\u00e9ho pramene, \u0161t\u011bd\u0159e odm\u011bnila. Kdy\u017e o V\u00e1noc\u00edch p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed do zem\u011b, v\u0161echny p\u0159eslice<\/em> maj\u00ed b\u00fdt \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b ulo\u017eeny a odlo\u017eeny pro ni jako ne\u010dinn\u00e9. O masopustu se pak navrac\u00ed dom\u016f, v\u0161echno p\u0159eden\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt hotovo a p\u0159eslice<\/em> uschov\u00e1ny tak, aby je nevid\u011bla. Kdy\u017e shled\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161echno tak, jak m\u00e1 b\u00fdt, pronese sv\u00e9 po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed, nebo naopak kletbu: \u201eKolik p\u0159\u00edze, tolik dobr\u00fdch let!\u201c, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b naopak: \u201eKolik p\u0159\u00edze, tolik zl\u00fdch let!\u201c, co\u017e zn\u00ed hodn\u011b starosv\u011btsky.<\/p>\n

Zjevn\u011b se tu dv\u011b z\u00e1le\u017eitosti spl\u00e9taj\u00ed v\u00a0jedinou, kdy\u017e je n\u00e1m \u0159e\u010deno, \u017ee po dvan\u00e1ct noc\u00ed nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt len ponech\u00e1n ve svaze\u010dku na p\u0159eslici (diesse<\/em>), jinak p\u0159ijde pan\u00ed Holla. Ukryt\u00ed n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed z\u00e1rove\u0148 ukazuje posv\u00e1tnost jej\u00edho sv\u00e1tku, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 b\u00fdt dobou odpo\u010dinku. To n\u00e1s nut\u00ed zamyslet se nad Gertrudou. Selsk\u00e9 almanachy v\u00a0Kra\u0148sku zobrazuj\u00ed sv\u011btici se dv\u011bma my\u0161kami ohryz\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edzi na v\u0159etenu na znamen\u00ed, \u017ee toho dne se nem\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edsti. Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed o rusk\u00e9m p\u00e1tku, \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0Por\u00fdn\u00ed se o sobotu poj\u00edc\u00ed se se sv\u00e1tkem Hully<\/em> se nesm\u00ed vykon\u00e1vat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, ani okop\u00e1vat \u010di hnojit, ani se nesm\u011bj\u00ed vyv\u00e1\u017eet \u010deled\u00edni na pole. Na severu se od sv\u00e1tku Jule a\u017e do Nov\u00e9ho roku nesm\u011blo ot\u00e1\u010det rump\u00e1lem, poj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bt \u017eeb\u0159i\u0148\u00e1kem \u010di to\u010dit na hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9m kruhu.<\/p>\n

Holle, Huld, Huld \u010di Hulda je postava z n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho folkl\u00f3ru, patronka zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a \u017eensk\u00fdch prac\u00ed. Objevuje se v pov\u011bsti zaznamenan\u00e9 v Deutsche Sagen<\/em> (1816\u20131818) brat\u0159\u00ed Grimm\u016f jako Frau Holla und der treue Eckart<\/em> (Pan\u00ed Holla a v\u011brn\u00fd Eckhart<\/em>). Jacob Grimm ji srovnal s takt\u00e9\u017e n\u011bmeckou Perchtou \u2013 b\u00edlou pan\u00ed, a pova\u017eoval ji za p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165anskou bohyni. Holda se \u010dasto objevuje ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch pramenech jako bohyn\u011b, jindy zvan\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad Diana, Herodiada nebo Aradia, kter\u00e1 vede no\u010dn\u00ed \u017eensk\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed.[1]<\/a> N\u011bkdy tak\u00e9 b\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00a0\u010dele Divok\u00e9ho honu.[2]<\/a> P\u016fvod jm\u00e9na Holda je nejasn\u00fd. M\u016f\u017ee souviset se seversk\u00fdm hulder<\/em>, ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm lesn\u00ed v\u00edlu, v\u011bdmou Huld, severskou bohyn\u00ed Hl\u00f3\u00f0yn nebo germ\u00e1nskou bohyn\u00ed Hludanou.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Serv\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed kan\u010d\u00ed hlavy v Queen’s College v Oxfordu na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den [London News]<\/figcaption><\/figure>Nejen D\u00e9m\u00e9t\u00e9r, n\u00fdbr\u017e i Diovi p\u0159edkl\u00e1dali zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed ob\u011bti, takto kance. V Oxfordu vystavovali na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den hlavu kance, nosili ji slavnostn\u011b dokola a zp\u00edvali: Caput apri defero, Reddens laudes Domino<\/em> \u2013 \u201eKan\u010d\u00ed hlavu p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00edm, P\u00e1nu d\u00edky vzd\u00e1v\u00e1m.\u201c<\/p>\n

Dochovala se i anglick\u00e1 v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed koleda Boar’s Head Carol<\/em>,[3]<\/a> kter\u00e1 popisuje starod\u00e1vnou tradici ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed kance a serv\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed kan\u010d\u00ed hlavy o sv\u00e1tku Jule. Jej\u00ed ust\u00e1len\u00e1 podoba se poprv\u00e9 objevila ve zp\u011bvn\u00edku Christmasse Carolles<\/em> z\u00a0roku 1521, jej\u017e uspo\u0159\u00e1dal tiska\u0159 a nakladatel Wynkyn de Worde.<\/p>\n

Jule (yule<\/em>) je sv\u00e1tkem zimn\u00edho slunovratu, slaven\u00e9ho v severn\u00ed Evrop\u011b ji\u017e od starov\u011bku. Po p\u0159ijet\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed byl sv\u00e1tek zn\u00e1m jako Christmastide, <\/em>\u201eV\u00e1noce\u201c, kombinuj\u00edc\u00ed tradici a symboliku Jule s cel\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem narozen\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Nazaretsk\u00e9ho. Christmastide <\/em>(Christmastime<\/em>), <\/em>ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 angli\u010dtin\u011b Christemasse, <\/em>ze staroanglick\u00e9ho Cristes m\u00e6sse, <\/em>doslova Kristova m\u0161e<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Jist\u011b stoj\u00ed za pov\u0161imnut\u00ed, \u017ee \u010cerkesov\u00e9 uct\u00edvaj\u00ed boha les\u016f a lovu, jeho\u017e naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed Mesi\u010d, kter\u00fd jezd\u00edv\u00e1 na kanci se zlat\u00fdmi \u0161t\u011btinami. V\u011bt\u0161in\u011b ostatn\u00edch boh\u016f jsou zasv\u011bcena ocho\u010den\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata, jen Fr\u00f4 m\u00e1 troufal\u00e9ho a neohro\u017een\u00e9ho kance, co\u017e se dob\u0159e hod\u00ed k\u00a0bohu lovu. Sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bn\u00fdm bo\u017estvem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt i obrovsk\u00fd kanec s\u00a0b\u00edl\u00fdmi kly,[4]<\/a> jen\u017e ve slovansk\u00e9 legend\u011b s\u00a0p\u011bnou u huby vystupuje z jezera.<\/p>\n

Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) se o t\u00e9to krmi zm\u00ednil v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed pas\u00e1\u017ei Pov\u00eddka statk\u00e1\u0159ova<\/em>[5]<\/a> p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu<\/em> z Canterbursk\u00fdch pov\u00eddek<\/em>:<\/p>\n

\u201eU ohn\u011b sed\u00ed Janus dvoubrad\u00fd
\na ve sv\u00e9m rohu sm\u00e1\u010d\u00ed rty sv\u00e9 v v\u00edn\u011b,
\np\u0159ed sebou maso ze solen\u00e9 svin\u011b,
\na lid si p\u0159eje p\u011bkn\u00e9 V\u00e1noce.\u201c[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tradice Jule zahrnuj\u00ed zdoben\u00ed jedle, no\u0161en\u00ed polena, umis\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b p\u0159ipraven\u00e9ho d\u0159eva do krbu, zav\u011b\u0161en\u00ed jmel\u00ed a cesm\u00edny v dom\u011b, rozd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dar\u016f, stejn\u011b jako obecn\u011b ch\u00e1pan\u00e9 oslavy. V dob\u00e1ch p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9 pohansk\u00e9 kmeny slavily Jule od konce prosince do za\u010d\u00e1tku ledna a stanovovaly dobu oslav podle lun\u00e1rn\u00edho kalend\u00e1\u0159e. B\u011bhem procesu pok\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, po p\u0159ijet\u00ed juli\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e, byl \u010das za\u010d\u00e1tku sv\u00e1tku Jule nastaven na 25. prosince, aby odpov\u00eddal sv\u00e1tku slaven\u00e9mu k\u0159es\u0165any, jej\u017e oni naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed V\u00e1noce.<\/p>\n

* * *<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a> Carlo Ginzburg: No\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh<\/em>. Argo, Praha 2003, str. 17.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Ibid., <\/em>str. 318.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Viz https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/track\/0Sm0Yz8VIT3CoEqTb1sKxA<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Ilias<\/em>, 11, 416: \u039b\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd <\/em>\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Franklin\u2019s Tale<\/em>. Slovo franklin<\/em> ozna\u010dovalo st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho statk\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>\u00a0 Geoffrey Chaucer: Canterbursk\u00e9 pov\u00eddky<\/em>. Dru\u017estevn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce, Praha 1941, str. 468. P\u0159elo\u017eil Franti\u0161ek Vrba.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

U\u017e jsme sly\u0161eli o o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9m (a o\u010distn\u00e9m) zlat\u00e9m pras\u00e1tku (sel\u00e1tku) v r\u00e1mci lidov\u00fdch zvyk\u016f v okrese Wetterau…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2711,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[799],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2708","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jamu-ii-2020-2021","wpcat-799-id"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2708","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2708"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2708\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2711"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2708"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2708"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.horus.cz\/WProclamatio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2708"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}